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1989-10-12
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
FLUID METABOLISM
===== ==========
A TUTORIAL PACKAGE FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY
- -------- ------- --- -------- -- -------- --- ----------
These are the notes for the IBM PC shareware version, first issued in
September 1989. You are encouraged to copy and distribute complete and
unamended versions of the files on this disc. If however you find the
material useful and wish to use it with students, you should register.
Registration gives a number of advantages, see below.
These notes are formatted for standard 80 column, 66 lines per page
printers. Copy them to your hardware device in the usual way, e.g.
COPY README.DOC PRN
Minimum hardware requirements: DOS 2, 384K. Printer optional. Hercules
card not supported.
With acknowledgements to Borland Turbo Basic.
From: Medical & Biological Services
54, West Road
PONTELAND
Newcastle Upon Tyne NE20 9SX
England
Telephone: 0661 72191
September 1989
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
1. WHAT IS THIS PACKAGE ABOUT?
------------------------------
This package is the first in a series of tutorial packages for students
of medicine and physiology. It can be used most effectively to
supplement or even replace a series of lectures, and is concerned with
fluid metabolism. It comprises six sections, five tutorial and a multi
choice questionnaire (MCQ), driven from a menu. It also incorporates a
facility which stores information about the usage of each section by
students. This information can be inspected, printed and cleared. By
this means, the performance of students can also be monitored.
1.1. Summary of Main Areas
--------------------------
Section 1: Body fluids
----------------------
Water and the body
The effect of fat
The water content of some tissues
The average man
The concept of lean body mass
Comparison of average and fat women
The distribution of water between the extracellular and intracellular
compartments
Measurement of the volume of the body fluid compartments
The Intravenous injection of a marker
Measurement of: ECF space
the total body water
cell water (ICF)
plasma volume
blood volume
red cell volume
interstitial fluid space volume
Section 2: Osmosis and osmotic pressure
---------------------------------------
The concepts of osmosis and osmotic pressure
Measurement of the freezing point depression
The relationship between the freezing point depression and osmolality
The coefficient of osmotic pressure
Capillary function
Section 3: Capillaries
----------------------
Exchanges across the capillary wall
Diffusion
The intercapillary distance
Capillary surface area
Effect of concentration difference
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
Capillary permeability
Diffusion through the capillary Wall
The nature of capillary membranes
The bulk flow of fluid
The major forces along the capillary
Resultant forces along length of capillary
Ultrafiltration
Other factors
The role of the the lymphatics
Tissue fluid balance
Diffusion v Bulk Flow
The importance of the ultrafiltration-reabsorption (osmosis) mechanism
The interstitial fluid
Hydrostatic pressures in capillaries
Pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary oedema
Kidney: Glomerular capillary
Section 4: The composition of the body fluids
---------------------------------------------
Electrolytes of ECF and cell water
Measurement of total electrolyte content of body fluids
Exchangeable pools
The ionic composition of the interstitial fluid
The Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium
Determination of the Donnan factor
Intracellular ionic concentrations
Section 5: Movement of fluids between compartments
--------------------------------------------------
Movement between blood and interstitial fluid
Exchange between interstitial fluid and cell water
Extracellular and intracellular osmoles
The osmotic properties of cells
Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
Calculating volumes, osmolalities
Section 6: MCQ
--------------
27 questions from all sections, each with four true/false statements.
The student is to select which are correct. There may be more than one
correct statement.
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
2. INSTALLATION AND RUNNING
---------------------------
You should have at least the following files on your disk:
FLUMET EXE PASS2 DAT
FLUIDS TBC COUNT DAT
OSM TBC USAGE DAT
CAP TBC PASS1 DAT
ELECTCOM TBC TIDY TBC
COMP TBC INSPECT TBC
MCQ TBC README DOC
2.1. Floppy Disk Users
----------------------
Copy the files above from your distribution disk to a blank formatted
disk. All the files must be present (except README.DOC). With a single
drive, enter
COPY A:*.* A:
With twin drives, put the distribution disc in drive A, the blank in B
and enter
COPY A:*.* B:
To run the package, the copy disc must NOT be write protected. Enter
FLUMET
from the system prompt with the disk present.
2.2. Hard Disk Users
--------------------
Create a new subdirectory from the root directory. It could be called
FLUIDS, in which case enter
MD FLUIDS
Then move into this subdirectory. Enter
CD FLUIDS
Assuming the hard disk is drive C and the floppy disk drive A, put the
distribution disc in drive A and enter
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
COPY A:*.* C:
To run the package, enter
FLUMET
once you are in the FLUIDS subdirectory.
2.3. The System Date
--------------------
If your computer doesn't have a battery backed clock, then it is worth
making sure the date is set properly before each use, because the date is
stored in the usage file.
2.4. Screen Dumps
-----------------
Extensive use is made of graphics. If tutors wish students to have the
facility of dumping some screens to printer, then those with the utility
GRAPHICS.COM should run it before starting.
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
3. USING THE PACKAGE
--------------------
3.1. Students
-------------
The package is largely self-explanatory and is designed to be as simple
as possible to use. Students could be given startup instructions, or
tutors could initiate the package. A very convenient mode of use,
regardless of whether the computers available have hard discs or not,
is for each student to be given their own copy of the package on floppy
disk. If so, please see 5. below.
3.2. Tutors: Monitoring Usage
-----------------------------
This is done by pressing @ instead of a key in the range A-G, at the
appropriate point.
Four items of usage information are stored; name, date, (see 2.3.
above) package name and time spent running it, or score, if the package
used was the MCQ. The maximum score for the MCQ is 54. There are minimum
times for the tutorial sections which can be found by pressing the space
bar immediately the prompt comes up every time. These are:
Fluids 3 min
Osmosis 3 min
Capillaries 4 min
Composition 3 min
Movement 2 min
If students log these sorts of times, then tutors can be sure that they
haven't read the sections.
Up to 200 usages can be recorded. After that, the package will run but
no usage will be stored.
The tutor can browse the usage file, empty it or print the whole thing.
Parts of it can only be printed by printing the screen.
It is also possible to monitor usage by reading the file USAGE.DAT into a
word processor as an ASCII or plain file, at which point all the
facilities of the word processor are available.
WARNING: it is NOT possible to empty the usage file by simply erasing it.
Doing this will cause the package to crash. The ONLY way to empty the
file is through the menu.
In general, students can be given a varying number of degrees of freedom
in terms of monitoring usage. It is clearly up to tutors the extent to
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Fluid Metabolism MBS
which they use and record the information stored. Tutors might wish to
consider whether they inform students that usage is recorded, and if so
whether they give target dates by which students should have used all
sections (for example, in time for a tutorial). There is of course no
reason why students should not record their own usage.
3.3. Students and Tutors: Printing
----------------------------------
A printer if available can be used to advantage by both students and
tutors.
It is convenient to have a printed list of all or parts of the usage
file, with access as determined by tutors.
The use of GRAPHICS.COM has already been mentioned (2.4.). This allows
any screen to be dumped. Students could use this facility for note
keeping, and tutors could use it in the preparation of materials in a
variety of ways. However, users are reminded that material so created is
copyright and can not be widely duplicated and circulated without prior
permission.
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4. EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
-------------------------
This package is one of the outcomes of a number of years of research into
the uses of personal computers in the teaching of medicine and
physiology. During this research, the authors demonstrated that, when
incorporated properly into a teaching programme, materials of this kind
improved motivation, enthusiasm and performance among students, and after
an initial planning investment, made time available for tutors by a
reduction in the lecturing load.
Medical & Biological Services undertakes occasional consultancy work into
the development of tutorial support in medicine and physiology. For
further information, please contact Professor T. Scratcherd at the
address above.
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5. SHAREWARE AND REGISTRATION
-----------------------------
This package is shareware. It allows you to assess its usefulness before
you commit time and money to incorporating it into your teaching
programme. Please feel free to copy and distribute it in an unamended
form. However, all materials remain copyright, and no printed versions
of these materials must be copied or distributed without prior
negotiation.
5.1. Registration
-----------------
entitles you to:
a full version of this package, with costs negotiated according to your
required level of usage;
free updates of minor version changes;
reduced costs for major version changes;
details of further packages;
some tailoring of the packages to individual need.
5.2. What to Register
---------------------
You will need to discuss with us:
The number of machines you wish to run the program on;
Rights to dump screens to paper, and copy;
The number of students involved.
For example, a single registered version costs 50 pounds, and an
unlimited dump and copy licence for one department costs 500 pounds.
You can be assured of friendly, cost effective advice and charges.
5.3. Other Services
-------------------
Other services offered (for which a negotiable fee will be charged)
include:
the development of packages in this style to your specifications;
versioning onto Acorn computers;
consultancy concerning the development of teaching programmes.
Medical & Biological Services, 54 West Road, PONTELAND,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE20 9SX, England. Tel: 0661 72191
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